You can do that with the --topic or -t option, or alternatively take a shortcut and use a human readable string which will be hashed by swarm-cli for your convenience. It is available via the --topic-string or -T option. Example: swarm-cli feed upload [ These always require a root manifest reference hash argument as the input. Some commands, however, work with subparts of the manifest. A few examples are: downloading only a folder from a manifest, listing files only under a specific path in a manifest, and adding files or folders not to the root of the manifest, but under some path.
Automating tasks with Swarm-CLI Running swarm-cli with the flag --quiet or -q for short disables all interactive features, and makes commands print information in an easily parsable format. The exit code also indicates whether running the command was successful or not. These may be useful for automating tasks both in CI environments and in your terminal too. Below you will find a few snippets to give an idea how it can be used to compose tasks.
On first run, this configuration will be generated with default values, that you are able to change on your demand under the before mentioned path. Assignment priority It is possible to set value of particular parameters in different ways. Bandwidth is a scarce resource in Swarm, because of this when you retrieve a chunk, you have to pay a small amount of BZZ the native token of SWarm for the retrieval.
It is something like gas cost on the Ethereum network. If your neighbor has the chunk, it can keep the BZZ. If not, it has to pay one of its neighbors for it. This solution incentivizes the nodes to cache frequently asked contents and keep them near to the customers. It makes Swarm a really efficient CDN. Swarm would be an ideal solution for decentralized multimedia streaming. Swarm has a very interesting solution for accounting.
It is something like Lightning Network , where microtransactions happen off-chain. In the case of Swarm, nodes keep track of a bandwidth balance. If a node gives and retrieves the same amount of chunks to another node, the balance will be near 0. If this balance goes over a limit, the node has to pay with a cheque. There are two ways for storing data on Swarm.
The first is global pinning. In this case, you store your data on your drive, and the DHT contains only a reference to it. It is very similar to the method used by IPFS to store data. It is free of charge because you store your own data, but not anonymous and you have to deal with the redundancy, etc. Another way of storage is using a postage stamp.
A postage stamp is something like a cheque that can be used by the storage nodes to withdraw BZZ if they can prove that they storing your content. In this case, the content is stored in the correct place in the DHT, the source of the data is untrackable and the redundant storage is provided by the Swarm network. Content addressed chunks only one type of Swarm chunks. This type of chunk makes it possible to create a tricky data structure on Swarm that is called a feed.
A feed is represented by a SOC where the identifier is hashed from a topic and a sequence number. When the owner wants to change the content of her feed, she increases the sequence number and publishes a new SOC. The Swarm client can heuristically find the highest sequence number, and pull the latest content. These mutable contents can be used in many ways. For example, you can assign it to your ENS address, and you can update the content without any blockchain interaction.
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Because of this optimized network structure, the content retrieval in Swarm is really efficient. Swarm calls this Kademlia connectivity. If you need a more detailed explanation of the network structure, you can read about it in the Book of Swarm. Swarm is based on libp2p underlay network , but nodes are addressed by its Ethereum address overlay network.
The signature method is also the same that is used by Ethereum, and signatures can be easily validated by smart contracts. This makes Swarm an ideal storage solution for Ethereum. Anonymity is one of the key points of Swarm. Every node knows only a limited number of its neighbors because of Kademlia connectivity. If a chunk is not found on any neighbor they ask their neighbors, etc.
Swarm calls this method forwarding Kademlia. Bandwidth is a scarce resource in Swarm, because of this when you retrieve a chunk, you have to pay a small amount of BZZ the native token of SWarm for the retrieval. It is something like gas cost on the Ethereum network. If your neighbor has the chunk, it can keep the BZZ. If not, it has to pay one of its neighbors for it. This solution incentivizes the nodes to cache frequently asked contents and keep them near to the customers.
It makes Swarm a really efficient CDN. Swarm would be an ideal solution for decentralized multimedia streaming. Swarm has a very interesting solution for accounting. It is something like Lightning Network , where microtransactions happen off-chain. In the case of Swarm, nodes keep track of a bandwidth balance. If a node gives and retrieves the same amount of chunks to another node, the balance will be near 0. If this balance goes over a limit, the node has to pay with a cheque.
There are two ways for storing data on Swarm. The first is global pinning. In this case, you store your data on your drive, and the DHT contains only a reference to it. It is very similar to the method used by IPFS to store data. It is free of charge because you store your own data, but not anonymous and you have to deal with the redundancy, etc. In Swarm, each node has two local subsystems, namely the reserve and the cache. In simple terms, the reserve stores chunks that have postage stamps attached to it.
Postage stamps are purchased through BZZ tokens and indicate the value a user places on storing these files on Swarm. When a file is stored on a node, the postage stamp acts as a sort of rent that decreases over time. Once the value of the stamp reaches a certain threshold, it is moved from the reserve i. The cache stores chunks that are not protected by the reserve, either because the storage stamp value has reduced over time, or because the cached chunk is from a distant node.
Chunks in cache are ranked by their latest retrieval as a means to indicate the popularity of the chunk and whether it is worth to continue storing the chunk. The cache is regularly cleared of unpopular chunks, ensuring that popular content is permeated across the network and easily retrievable, while also maximizing income for nodes: When nodes on the network return a chunk from a retrieval request, the nodes earn BZZ tokens, hence economically incentivizing the holding of as many chunks as possible.
The method of retrieving and transferring files described above increases anonymity in the network, because a node forward request and an initial request initiation are identical in terms of structure. This ambiguity obfuscates the identity of those retrieving files. However, this approach leads to unpopular chunks of data to disappear from nodes overtime, thus impacting permanence of the system. While the detailed mechanism of race goes beyond the scope of this research, it suffices to know that these raffles: act as spot checks on nodes for nodes presents an opportunity to earn additional income encourage nodes to stay online as they would otherwise miss raffles require nodes to store the right data and properly maintain the stored chunks Finally, in order to reconstruct files, nodes need to be able to understand which chunks belong to which files, and the downloader needs to be able to verify the correctness of the chunks.
In Swarm, every chunk address is unique, implying a unique address-payload association. This uniqueness creates the immutability of the chunk, as only that chunk can contain the data embedded in it. Swarm has two kinds of chunks; a content addressed chunk and a single owner chunk.
While these differ in terms of data structure, both use the BMT hash verify chunk integrity and to reconstruct the full file. Ultimately, users can use their Swarm hash also known as bzzhash to signal to the network to retrieve all chunks and recreate the file. For additional protection against data loss, caused by nodes going offline or being otherwise unable to access data, Swarm applies Cauchy-Reed-Solomon erasure coding to 4 kilobyte sized chunks of the file before they are hashed into the Merkle tree.
This allows the network to retrieve data, even when a portion of the chunks are inaccessible. Finally, Swarm includes a pinning function which allows nodes to save all chunks locally and prevent the chunks from being removed. Nodes track the relative bandwidth consumption with peers they connect with, creating a debts and credits balancing mechanism between any two nodes at any given point in time. When node A requests data from node B, and node B responds, then node B has a credit surplus, while node A has debt liabilities.
This can continue until a certain threshold is reached, after which node B will not accept further requests until node A has repaid liabilities. Figure 3: Swarm Accounting Protocol. Source: Swarm whitepaper.
Cheques are handled on-chain by a smart contract. Nodes must decide for themselves whether to cash a cheque upon receipt, or to wait to reduce transaction costs on the Ethereum network. If the node waits, however, they increase the risk of settlement failure, i. This is where Swarm employs a reputation system: because the smart contract records failed cheque withdrawals, nodes can see publicly which other nodes did not make good on their cheques and can refrain from communicating with that node in the future.
Competitive insurance requires nodes to store every bit of promised, and failure to do so is not only unprofitable, but outright catastrophic to the insurer. While SWAP incentivizes short term data storage, and RACE incentivized long-term data storage of popular files, competitive insurance incentivizes long-term data storage of any files stored on the network no matter their popularity, as well as simultaneously prevent users from spinning up new nodes to sell empty long-term storage promises, only to cash-out and deactivate their node shortly after.
The competitive insurance system works with a deposit system. Nodes that want to sell long-term storage aka promissory storage must have a stake verified and locked-in with an Ethereum-based smart contract at the time of making their promise — essentially a security deposit. If the security deposit has been locked, the node is entitled to make storage promises up to the duration of the locked stakes. If, during the promise period, a node fails to prove ownership of the data they promised to store, they lose their entire security deposit.
If a user or a node finds that content with a promise is inaccessible, they can submit a challenge to a smart contract that handles the verification process. Nodes are compensated for their promises over time.
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