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Op-Amp: Summing Amplifier (Inverting and Non-Inverting Summing Amplifiers)
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If the non-inverting input is at a higher voltage than the inverting input, then the output will go high. If the inverting input is higher than the non-inverting input, then the output will go low which can be negative, depending on the configuration of the op-amp. This will be covered again, and in more depth, in the op-amp comparator tutorial, but this is sufficient for understanding this tutorial.
The circuit setup looks like this: Circuit Diagram of an Inverting Op-Amp Circuit Remembering the Golden Rules of Op-amps , or the 2 most important things to remember with op-amps, we can see that: the inverting input is at a virtual ground as the non-inverting input is tied to ground, and that the same current through Ri is going through Rf. To help remember what the letters stand for, Ri is the input resistor, and Rf is the feedback resistor, as the output is driving the input through Rf.
We can use KCL. We know that current flowing into that node must equal the current flowing out and no current is flowing into the inverting input, so there is only the current coming in via Ri and out via Rf and they are equal to each other. For example, if you have a 10K feedback resistor, and a 2K input resistor, an input voltage of 2V will yield an output voltage of V. And vice versa if the input is a negative voltage. This is an extremely common op-amp configuration as most feedback loops utilize negative feedback, as that increases stability and reduces distortion.
This is outside the scope of this tutorial, but Kushal discusses it in his control systems tutorials. In reality, it is widely dependent on the op-amp behavior and open-loop gain. Op-amp can also be used two add voltage input voltage as summing amplifier. Practical Example of Non-inverting Amplifier We will design a non-inverting op-amp circuit which will produce 3x voltage gain at the output comparing the input voltage.
We will make a 2V input in the op-amp. We will configure the op-amp in noninverting configuration with 3x gain capabilities. We selected the R1 resistor value as 1. R2 is the feedback resistor and the amplified output will be 3 times than the input. Voltage Follower or Unity Gain Amplifier As discussed before, if we make Rf or R2 as 0, that means there is no resistance in R2, and Resistor R1 is equal to infinity then the gain of the amplifier will be 1 or it will achieve the unity gain.
As there is no resistance in R2, the output is shorted with the negative or inverted input of the op-amp. As the gain is 1 or unity, this configuration is called as unity gain amplifier configuration or voltage follower or buffer. As we put the input signal across the positive input of the op-amp and the output signal is in phase with the input signal with a 1x gain, we get the same signal across amplifier output. Thus the output voltage is the same as the input voltage. So, it will follow the input voltage and produce the same replica signal across its output.
This is why it is called a voltage follower circuit. The input impedance of the op-amp is very high when a voltage follower or unity gain configuration is used. Sometimes the input impedance is much higher than 1 Megohm. So, due to high input impedance, we can apply weak signals across the input and no current will flow in the input pin from the signal source to amplifier. On the other hand, the output impedance is very low, and it will produce the same signal input, in the output.
In the above image voltage follower configuration is shown. The output is directly connected across the negative terminal of the op-amp. The gain of this configuration is 1x. Due to high input impedance, the input current is 0, so the input power is also 0 as well. The voltage follower provides large power gain across its output. Due to this behavior, Voltage follower used as a buffer circuit.
Also, buffer configuration provides good signal isolation factor. Due to this feature, voltage follower circuit is used in Sallen-key type active filters where filter stages are isolated from each other using voltage follower op-amp configuration.
